Relevant Research Publications
The following publications represent peer-reviewed research on SMILE and related inquiry-based mobile learning environments.
RESEARCH
Generative AI as a coach to help students enhance proficiency in question formulation
Kim, P., Wang, W., & Bonk, C. J. (2025). Latest research on how generative AI can serve as a coaching tool to improve students’s questioning skills within the SMILE framework.
Journal of Educational Computing Research, 63(1), 3-28
Kim, P., Wang, W., & Bonk, C. J. (2025). Latest research on how generative AI can serve as a coaching tool to improve students’s questioning skills within the SMILE framework.
Journal of Educational Computing Research, 63(1), 3-28
Enhancing critical inquiry in EFL education: Design and validation of an AI-supported assessment tool
Lai, W., Kim, P., & Lee, J. (2025). Research on AI-supported assessment tools for critical inquiry in English as Foreign Language education using SMILE.
Research Methods in Applied Linguistics
Lai, W., Kim, P., & Lee, J. (2025). Research on AI-supported assessment tools for critical inquiry in English as Foreign Language education using SMILE.
Research Methods in Applied Linguistics
Core Development & Framework Papers
- Lai, W., Kim, P., & Lee, J. (2025). Enhancing critical inquiry in EFL education: Design and validation of an AI-supported assessment tool. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics.
- Kim, P., Wang, W., & Bonk, C. J. (2025). Generative AI as a coach to help students enhance proficiency in question formulation. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 63(1), 3-28.
- Kim, P. (2020). Future implications of the fourth industrial revolution on education and training. In B. Panth & R. Maclean (Eds.), Anticipating and preparing for emerging skills and jobs (pp. 165-178). Springer.
- Song, D., & Kim, P. (2015). Inquiry-based mobilized math classroom with Stanford mobile inquiry-based learning environment (SMILE). In H. Crompton & J. Traxler (Eds.), Mobile learning and mathematics (pp. 96-110). Routledge.
- Buckner, E., & Kim, P. (2014). Integrating technology and pedagogy for inquiry-based learning: The Stanford Mobile Inquiry-based Learning Environment (SMILE). Prospects, 44(1), 99-118.
- Kim, P. (2013). Mobile innovations in the education ecosystem. Revista de Ingenieria, 37, 36-48.
- Kim, P., Chiang, Y. V., Karimi, A., & Seol, S. (2012). Using mobile phones to scaffold student-generated questions and promote a global Student-centered Mobile Interactive Learning Environment (SMILE).
- Song, D., Kim, P., & Karimi, A. (2012). Inquiry-based learning environment using mobile devices in math classroom.
- Seol, S., Sharp, A., & Kim, P. (2011). Stanford Mobile Inquiry-based Learning Environment (SMILE): Using mobile phones to promote student inquiries in the elementary classroom. Proceedings of ITHET, 1-8.
Evaluation & Assessment Studies
- Kim, P., & An, J. Y. (2016). New evaluation vector through the Stanford mobile inquiry-based learning environment (SMILE) for participatory action research. Healthcare Informatics Research, 22(3), 164-171.
- Lee, J., Kim, P. H., & Ahn, M. (2022). Design based system research of an online platform prototype to foster higher-order questioning. Journal of Logistics, Informatics and Service Science, 9(2), 45-62.
- Lim, K. Y. T., Song, B. H., & Kho, M. X. (2019). The change in nature and efficacy of learners' questions through progressive interaction with SMILE. In Innovations in Educational Change (pp. 178-195). Springer.
- Kim, P. H. (2019). Fostering students' question-generation skill by implementing an online inquiry-based learning platform: SMILE.
- Park, E., & Kim, P. (2016). A case study exploring student engagement with Stanford Mobile Inquiry-based Learning Environment (SMILE). GLOKALde, 2(3), 12-28.
Teacher Training & Implementation Studies
- Hsu, H. Y., & Kim, P. (2016). Preservice teachers' uses of SMILE to enact student-generated questioning practices. International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 24(2), 1-15.
- Thomas, K., Hylen, M., & Carter, B. (2024). Ch-ch-ch-ch-changes: Preservice teachers' perceptions on mobile phones — 2013-2022. Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference, 2024(1), 1245-1252.
- Thomas, K., Hylen, M., & Carter, B. (2020). Growing up mobile: How do today's preservice teachers feel about integrating mobile phones in their classrooms?
- Thomas, K., Hylen, M., & Carter, B. (2021). A comparison of findings of preservice teachers' perceptions to mobile phone integration from three studies.
- Thomas, K., Hylen, M., & Carter, B. (2024). Should They Stay or Should They Go? Preservice Teachers Provide Their Perspective on Mobile Phones in Classroom.
- Wu, L., & He, S. (2021). Teacher-researcher co-designing of a technology-enhanced classroom inquiry framework.
- Wu, L., Liu, Y., How, M. L., & He, S. (2023). Investigating student-generated questioning in a technology-enabled elementary science classroom: A case study. Education Sciences, 13(2), 187.
International Applications – Spanish Language Studies
- Aaron, M. A. (2019). Uso de la Plataforma Smile para la Elaboracion de Conceptos en Estudiantes en Repitencia en un Programa de Ingenieria. Informacion Tecnologica, 30(5), 93-102.
- Barliza, A. D. S., & Gonzalvez, M. A. A. (2018). Didactica para la elaboracion de preguntas utilizando aprendizaje colaborativo.
- Da Silva-Ovando, A. C., & Quintana, O. S. O. (2022). Design a challenge-based learning model for higher education.
- Gonzalez, Y. Y. L., & Diaz, J. G. (2015). Metodologia basada en la indagacion soportada con la herramienta Smile.
- Vazquez-Cano, E., & Sevillano Garcia, M. L. (2016). Analisis del uso educativo y social de los dispositivos digitales.
- Solano, A. D., & Aaron, M. A. (2020). Ensenanza en ingenieria de manera colaborativa a partir de un diseno tecnopedagogico, usando SMILE. Formacion Universitaria, 13(1), 15-24.
Brazilian/Portuguese Adaptations
- Franca, R. M., & Reategui, E. B. (2013). SMILE-BR: Aplicacao de conceitos de gamificacao em um ambiente de aprendizagem baseado em questionamento. Brazilian Symposium on Computers in Education, 24(1), 366-375.
- Franca, R. M., & Reategui, E. B. (2014). Interface de um ambiente de aprendizagem baseado em questionamento com conceitos de gamificacao.
- Acosta, O. C., & Reategui, E. B. (2012). Recomendacao de conteudo em ambientes de aprendizagem baseados em questionamento. Renote, 10(3), 1-10.
Technical Extensions & Platform Development
- Acosta, O. C., Behar, P. A., & Reategui, E. B. (2014). Content recommendation in an inquiry-based learning environment.
- Epstein, D., da Costa Pinho, I., Acosta, O. C., & Reategui, E. B. (2013). Inquiry-based learning environment using intelligent tutoring system.
- Shapsough, S., & Zualkernan, I. (2015). An inquiry-based ubiquitous learning system based on MQTT.
- Shapsough, S., & Zualkernan, I. (2020). A generic IoT architecture for ubiquitous context-aware learning.
- Zualkernan, I., Al Khawaja, A., Zubaydi, F., & Jassmi, H. A. (2014). Integrating peer-to-peer inquiry-based learning.
Medical Education Applications
- Kuzminski, J. C., St Clair, N., & Frazer, T. (2016). Impact of a preparation curriculum for global electives.
- Spectorsky, K. A., & Watts, J. (2016). Characterization of online resources for global health self-education.
- Tsou, P. Y. P., & Barnes, M. (2016). Pediatricians "educating kids about gun violence".
- Wang, N. A., Madzimbamuto, F., Mukavhi, L., & Zvobgo, G. (2016). Creation of e-Learning modules for short medical student course.
Recent AI Integration Studies
- Kim, I. (2024). The effectiveness of a GenAI-integrated coaching system on science inquiries generated by refugee students. EDULEARN24 Proceedings, 1-8.
- Bafandkar, S., Chung, S., Khosravian, H., & Lee, J. (2025). PAPPL: Personalized AI-powered progressive learning platform.
- Liang, W. (2024). Exploring a framework for supporting self-directed English learning through ChatGPT: A meta-cognitive strategy. E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning, 2024(1), 445-452.
Comparative & Meta-Analysis Studies
- Yang, J. M., Sung, Y. T., & Chang, K. E. (2020). Use of meta-analysis to uncover the critical issues of mobile inquiry-based learning. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 58(4), 729-754.
- Suarez, A., Specht, M., Prinsen, F., & Kalz, M. (2017). A review of mobile inquiry-based learning research. Computers & Education, 114, 96-109.
- Inel-Ekici, D., & Ekici, M. (2022). Mobile inquiry and inquiry-based science learning in higher education.
- Bai, H. (2019). Pedagogical practices of mobile learning in K-12 and higher education settings. TechTrends, 63(5), 611-620.
Science Education Applications
- Al-Thani, N. J., & Ahmad, Z. (2025). The scope of problem-based learning and integrated research education.
- Bunwirat, N., Chuaychoowong, M., & Boonsathorn, S. (2023). Effects of inquiry-based mobile learning.
- Khery, Y., Nufida, B. A., Suryati, S., & Rahayu, S. (2020). The influence of Mobile-NOS model.
- Khery, Y., Masjudin, M., Muzaki, A., Nufida, B., & Lesnawati, Y. (2020). Mobile-nature of science model.